LINK BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS IN CHILDREN

Abstract

This case-control study investigated the association between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and breath-holding spells (BHS) in children aged 6 to 60 months at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, over a six-month period (September 2024 to February 2025). A total of 118 children were enrolled and equally divided into two groups: cases (children with BHS lasting ≤60 seconds) and controls (healthy children with no history of BHS). Data collection included detailed medical histories, physical examinations, anthropometric assessments, complete blood counts (CBC), and serum ferritin measurements. Children with seizures, congenital heart disease, malnutrition, current anticonvulsant use, or mental disabilities were excluded.

IDA was identified in 46% of the case group and 27% of the control group, demonstrating a statistically significant association (odds ratio [OR]: 2.268; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.051–4.894; p ≤ 0.05). Mean serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in cases (49.69 ± 22.67 ng/mL) compared to controls (98.47 ± 21.98 ng/mL). The risk of IDA was notably higher among males with BHS (55% vs. 30%; OR: 2.909) and among children from urban areas (OR: 6.125). No significant association was found between parental education and the occurrence of BHS.

The study concludes that IDA is significantly associated with BHS, particularly among male and urban children. These findings underscore the importance of early screening and management of IDA to prevent potential neurodevelopmental complications