Frontiers in Biosciences
type: channel
description: Frontiers in Biosciences (ISSN Online: 3106-5945 | Print: 3106-5937) is an open-access, quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing research in the biological sciences. It publishes high-quality contributions across diverse fields, including molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, environmental sciences, and interdisciplinary life science domains. The journal is published by the International Institute of Modern Research (SMC–Private) Limited, duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0307037. With a strong commitment to academic integrity, rigorous peer review, and global accessibility, Frontiers in Biosciences serves as a valuable platform for researchers and scholars to disseminate scientific knowledge and promote innovation in biosciences.
publisher: International Institute of Modern Research [SMC – Private] Limited
language: en
publication name: Frontiers in Biosciences
items: AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS MANAGEMENT
items: SONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PLACENTA PREVIA RESOLVING IN PRIMIGRAVIDA ANTEVERTED UTERUS FROM 2ND TO 3RD TRIMESTER
items: PREOPERATIVE CT-BASED PREDICTORS OF MEDIAN STERNOTOMY REQUIREMENT IN RETROSTERNAL GOITER SURGERY: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
items: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-ASSISTED PREDICTION OF HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN RURAL AND URBAN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF PAKISTAN
items: HORMONAL PROFILE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ACNE PRESENTATION IN ADULT FEMALE
items: PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS
items: IMPACT OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON SLEEP APNEA AND RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: A REVIEW
items: MONOCORTICAL VS. BICORTICAL SCREW FIXATION IN SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS FRACTURES WITH BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
items: CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19: A REVIEW
items: RIVER RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ORIENTAL MAHSEER IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
items: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LABEO ROHITA TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ALTERATIONS
items: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 1–5 YEARS: INSIGHTS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN
items: PREVALENCE AND TYPES OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
items: PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND OBESITY IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OF SINDH, PAKISTAN: A PREVALENCE STUDY
items: COMMON INFECTIONS IN RURAL PAKISTAN: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSIGHTS
items: PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
items: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES IN COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION (CBME)
items: A STUDY ON STRESS EXPERIENCED BY NURSING STUDENTS DURING TRAINING AT JINNAH COLLEGE OF NURSING
items: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
items: ACCEPTANCE OF AI-DRIVEN MENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS AMONG PAKISTANI YOUTH: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
items: ASSESSMENT OF SSI PREVENTION KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN PAKISTAN
items: CORRELATION BETWEEN OVARIAN ARTERY DOPPLER INDICES AND ULTRASOUND FINDINGS IN PCOS PATIENTS
items: LINK BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS IN CHILDREN
items: PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS
items: IMPROVING DENTAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH MULTIMODAL AI AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
items: ENHANCING BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES IN PRIMIGRAVIDA POST-CESAREAN WOMEN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT
items: SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
items: SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B IN TEHSIL DARAZINDA, D.I. KHAN, KPK
items: EFFECTS OF BUTTON MUSHROOM POWDER ON LIPID PEROXIDATION MARKERS IN AN ANIMAL MODEL
items: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DERADICALIZATION STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN AND SAUDI ARABIA

AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS MANAGEMENT
type: item
description: Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased fracture risk, disability, and reduced quality of life. Despite the availability of several pharmacological interventions, variability in treatment response and long-term effectiveness remains a clinical concern, particularly in aging populations. The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions used in the management of osteoporosis and to evaluate their impact on bone mineral density, fracture prevention, and patient outcomes. A narrative review methodology was employed, analyzing recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses focusing on major drug classes including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), denosumab, and parathyroid hormone analogs. Studies were selected based on relevance, recency, and clinical significance. The major findings indicate that bisphosphonates remain the first-line therapy due to their proven efficacy in reducing vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Denosumab shows strong effectiveness in increasing bone mineral density, particularly in high-risk patients, while anabolic agents demonstrate superior outcomes in severe osteoporosis cases. However, long-term adherence, side effects, and cost constraints significantly influence treatment effectiveness. In conclusion, pharmacological interventions for osteoporosis are generally effective, but optimal outcomes depend on individualized treatment strategies and patient compliance. The study highlights the need for personalized medicine approaches and long-term monitoring to improve therapeutic success
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Osteoporosis, pharmacological interventions, bone mineral density, bisphosphonates, denosumab, fracture prevention, treatment effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Imran Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 69
ending page: 79

SONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PLACENTA PREVIA RESOLVING IN PRIMIGRAVIDA ANTEVERTED UTERUS FROM 2ND TO 3RD TRIMESTER
type: item
description: Background: Placenta previa, where the placenta implants over the internal cervical os, risks antepartum hemorrhage and perinatal mortality. Placental migration away from the os often occurs as the lower uterine segment elongates in advancing gestation. However, resolution patterns in low-risk primigravid women under 35 with an anteverted uterus remain poorly characterized in the literature. Objective: To assess the sonographic resolution of placenta previa from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester in primigravid women with an anteverted uterus and non-advanced maternal age (<35 years), and to determine the predictive value of the 2nd trimester placenta-to-internal os distance (IOD) for resolution. Methods: A 4-month prospective study at Sheikh Zayed Hospital and private centers in Rahim Yar Khan enrolled 167 primigravid women (18–34 years, singleton, anteverted uterus) with 2nd-trimester placental edge ≤20 mm from internal os. Transabdominal ultrasound (3–5 MHz) measured placenta-to-internal os distance (IOD) in both trimesters. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson correlation, and Chi-square tests. Results: Of 167 patients (mean age 27.6 ± 3.0 years, mean 2nd-trimester IOD 11.6 ± 6.0 mm), placenta previa resolved by the 3rd trimester in 94 (61.0%). Resolution varied by previa type: low-lying 94.9%, marginal 65.4%, partial 23.5%, complete 0.0% (p<0.001). Mean IOD was higher in resolved (14.9 mm) vs. unresolved (4.8 mm) groups (p<0.001). A strong positive correlation existed between 2nd- and 3rd-trimester IOD (r=0.858, p<0.001). Younger women (<25 years) had higher resolution rates (88.0%) than those aged 30–34 years (29.3%). Placental position did not significantly influence resolution (p=0.780). Conclusion: The majority of placenta previa cases in primigravid women with an anteverted uterus resolve spontaneously by the 3rd trimester. The 2nd trimester IOD is a strong, statistically significant predictor of resolution. Complete previa an…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Placenta previa, sonography, placental migration, primigravida, anteverted uterus, IOD, 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester
  topic: keywords
creator: Habib-Ur-Rehman
creator: Hammad Razzaq
creator: Muhammad Habib Ullah
creator: Usama Shees
creator: Rabia Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 68

PREOPERATIVE CT-BASED PREDICTORS OF MEDIAN STERNOTOMY REQUIREMENT IN RETROSTERNAL GOITER SURGERY: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
type: item
description: Background: Retrosternal goiter (RSG) is a clinically important entity which may be encountered in 3-20% of thyroidectomy procedures, of which 5-15% require median sternotomy for safe resection. Unanticipated sternotomy may be associated with an increased operative time, blood loss and postoperative morbidity. Preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is an important tool for anatomical information but does not have any definitive criteria defined for prediction of sternotomy need from a CT point of view. Objectives: To evaluate the association between preoperative CT findings and the requirement for sternotomy in patients undergoing surgery for retrosternal goiter. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 62 patients with retrosternal goiter (RSG), who were subjected to thyroidectomy from 2022-2024, at the Lady reading Hospital Peshawar,Pakistan. CECT images were reviewed for tracheal deviation/compression, vascular involvement and extension into the mediastinal spaces. Independent sternotomy predictors were determined using binary logistic regression. Results: Of the 62 patients, 54 (87.1%) were managed through a cervical approach, while 8 (12.9%) required sternotomy. There was no statistically significant difference between tracheal deviation/compression or vascular involvement and sternotomy requirement (p=0.141 and p=0.258, respectively). Groups were comparable with regard to demographic characteristics. Conclusion: In this regional cohort, common CT findings like compression of the trachea and vascular involvement were not individually associated with sternotomy. This provides an insight into the need for extensible, multiparametric, CT scoring system validated in resource-limited environments
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Retrosternal goiter, Sternotomy, Computed Tomography, Thyroidectomy, Mediastinal extension, Tracheal Compression, Vascular Involvement.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Baseer
creator: Nosheen Noor
creator: Shabana Ashiq
creator: Anum Dilawar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 38
ending page: 45

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-ASSISTED PREDICTION OF HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN RURAL AND URBAN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS OF PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This study developed and evaluated an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted predictive framework for identifying high-risk pregnancy outcomes in rural and urban healthcare settings of Pakistan. Despite improvements in maternal healthcare services, Pakistan continues to experience high rates of maternal and neonatal complications due to delayed risk identification, limited healthcare resources, and disparities between rural and urban healthcare infrastructure. To address this issue, a quantitative predictive analytics design was employed using retrospective maternal healthcare data obtained from multiple healthcare institutions. The dataset included demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and healthcare accessibility variables, which were analyzed using multiple machine learning algorithms including Random Forest, XGBoost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. The results indicated that AI-based models achieved high predictive accuracy in identifying high-risk pregnancies, with LSTM and XGBoost outperforming other algorithms. Clinical indicators such as blood pressure, blood glucose levels, BMI, and previous pregnancy complications emerged as the most significant predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Comparative analysis further revealed slightly higher predictive performance in urban healthcare settings compared to rural settings; however, overall model performance remained strong across both contexts. The findings confirmed that AI-assisted predictive systems significantly enhance early risk detection and support clinical decision-making in maternal healthcare. The study concludes that integrating AI-driven clinical decision support systems into maternal healthcare services can improve early identification of high-risk pregnancies, optimize resource allocation, and contribute to improved maternal and neonatal outcomes in Pakistan. The findings provide valuable implications for healthcare practitio…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence; High-Risk Pregnancy; Machine Learning; Maternal Health; Predictive Analytics; Rural and Urban Healthcare
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Naila Izhar Qazi
creator: Zarmina Bibi
creator: Tanzeela Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 37

HORMONAL PROFILE AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ACNE PRESENTATION IN ADULT FEMALE
type: item
description: Use the pdf link to follow the full length paper
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hormonal profiles, Acne vulgaris, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Menstrual cycle, Testosterone, Estrogen, Acne severity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Samiya Rehman
creator: Muntaha Khalid
creator: Jameela Khosa
creator: Muhammad Huzaifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 18

PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS
type: item
description: Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a common yet often underdiagnosed condition in young adults, with significant hematological and neurological implications. This review examines its prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges in individuals aged 18–35. A systematic review of literature from 2000 to 2023 revealed a prevalence ranging from 5% to 15%, with higher rates in regions with low dietary B12 intake. Common symptoms included fatigue, glossitis, paraesthesia, and macrocytic anemia, while neurological issues such as memory impairment and mood disturbances were also frequently reported. These findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term complications. Greater awareness, targeted screening, and further research into dietary and genetic factors are crucial for addressing this widespread health concern
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model
  topic: keywords
creator: Mudassar Imran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 43
ending page: 50

IMPACT OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON SLEEP APNEA AND RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: A REVIEW
type: item
description: Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are closely linked to both sleep quality and cardiovascular health, particularly blood pressure (BP). This review investigates the relationship between BP levels and the prevalence and severity of these disorders. Findings show a significant positive correlation between elevated BP and increased severity of sleep apnea, with hypertensive patients displaying higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) scores than normotensive individuals (p < 0.05). Similarly, elevated BP was associated with more frequent and severe RLS symptoms. These results suggest that hypertension may contribute to the pathophysiology of both conditions, potentially through vascular and neurological dysregulation. Recognizing this relationship could help clinicians tailor more effective treatment strategies for sleep disorder patients with hypertension. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causality and guide clinical practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abubakar Zain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 30
ending page: 42

MONOCORTICAL VS. BICORTICAL SCREW FIXATION IN SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS FRACTURES WITH BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
type: item
description: Mandibular symphysis and parasymphysis fractures, particularly when associated with bilateral condylar fractures, present a surgical challenge due to the need to restore occlusion, maintain mandibular continuity, and prevent complications like lingual splaying. While monocortical screw fixation is commonly used for its ease and safety, bicortical screws may offer greater stability by engaging both buccal and lingual cortices. This prospective, single-blind randomized clinical trial compared monocortical and bicortical screw fixation in 60 patients with symphysis/parasymphysis fractures and conservatively managed bilateral condylar fractures. Postoperative CBCT measurements showed significantly smaller lingual gaps in the bicortical group (p < 0.05), with no hardware failures or complications reported. The results suggest that bicortical fixation provides superior stability and may promote better functional outcomes, highlighting the need for larger multicenter studies to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: MONOCORTICAL VS. BICORTICAL
  topic: keywords
subject: SCREW FIXATION IN SYMPHYSIS AND
  topic: keywords
subject: PARASYMPHYSIS FRACTURES WITH
  topic: keywords
subject: BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Asma Fayyaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 29

CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19: A REVIEW
type: item
description: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has infected over 670 million people globally and caused approximately 7 million deaths. Emerging research highlights a significant link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conditions like diabetes mellitus and hypertension—already known CVD risk factors—appear to be further exacerbated by COVID-19, which may act as an independent risk modifier. Studies suggest that previous COVID-19 infection increases the risk of developing various CVDs to a degree comparable with traditional risk factors. Complications such as myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias have been observed, especially in individuals with preexisting heart conditions. COVID-19 may influence cardiovascular health both directly—through viral invasion of heart tissues—and indirectly—via systemic inflammation. This review summarizes current findings on the interplay between COVID-19 and CVD, explores underlying mechanisms, and discusses evolving treatment and prevention strategies in the context of the pandemic
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Cardiovascular disease, Muscle inflammation, Heart injury, Heart failure
  topic: keywords
creator: Arooj Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 11
ending page: 20

RIVER RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ORIENTAL MAHSEER IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
type: item
description: Climate change is an emerging global threat affecting all forms of life. In recent years, rapid and drastic climate shifts have severely impacted ecosystems and species, including the Mahseer — an important endemic fish species in India. Valued for its size, taste, and economic potential, the Mahseer is facing serious challenges such as habitat degradation, reduced growth, disrupted breeding patterns, altered migration routes, and declining population. These effects are pushing the species toward critical endangerment. To prevent further loss of biodiversity, effective and sustainable conservation strategies are essential. Protecting the Mahseer not only preserves ecological balance but also offers economic benefits to the regions where it naturally occurs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change, Mahseer, Endemic specie, Habitat destruction, Breeding, Survival, Conservation strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahid Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LABEO ROHITA TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ALTERATIONS
type: item
description: Labeo rohita (rohu), a vital freshwater fish in South Asia, faces significant physiological stress from climate change, affecting regional nutrition and economies. Optimal survival occurs at 25–32°C, but rising temperatures and erratic precipitation reduce growth, protein efficiency, and survival. Temperatures of 34–36°C damage yolk and embryos, slowing hatching or causing total mortality. Salinity increases from seawater intrusion further impair survival, gill function, osmoregulation, and erythrocyte physiology. Thermal stress also suppresses growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor expression, compromising growth and immunity. Given rohu’s economic and nutritional importance, adaptive strategies and improved management practices are critical to mitigate climate-induced impacts and sustain population health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Labeo rohita
  topic: keywords
subject: Temperature Variation
  topic: keywords
subject: Salinity Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Fish Physiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Growth Hormone (GH)
  topic: keywords
subject: Aquaculture Impacts
  topic: keywords
subject: Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
  topic: keywords
creator: Rubina Tafsheen
creator: Kamal Muhsin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 26
ending page: 34

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 1–5 YEARS: INSIGHTS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Anemia remains a significant pediatric health concern, particularly in developing countries, where nutritional deficiencies and limited healthcare access contribute substantially. In early childhood, anemia adversely impacts growth, immunity, and neurodevelopment.To assess the prevalence and severity of anemia among children aged 1–5 years attending the pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2024 at Punjab Rangers Hospital, Lahore. A total of 375 children aged 1–5 years were enrolled using consecutive non-probability sampling. Children with chronic illnesses, hematological disorders, or recent cytotoxic treatment were excluded. Hemoglobin levels were measured and classified according to WHO criteria as mild (10–11 g/dL), moderate (8–10 g/dL), or severe (<8 g/dL). Data were analyzed using SPSS v20, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.The mean age of participants was 3.06 ± 1.45 years, with an overall mean hemoglobin of 10.89 ± 1.97 g/dL. Anemia was identified in 208 children (55.5%). Among anemic cases, 71 (34.1%) had mild anemia, 106 (51.0%) moderate anemia, and 31 (14.9%) severe anemia. Females accounted for 56.3% of anemic children, but no significant differences were observed in anemia prevalence or severity by gender (p = 0.840) or age group (p = 0.649).Anemia affects over half of children aged 1–5 years in this cohort, with moderate anemia being the most common. These findings emphasize the substantial burden of pediatric anemia and underscore the need for routine screening, nutritional education, and targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on child health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anemia, Pediatric health, Early childhood, Hemoglobin, Prevalence, Nutritional deficiency, Developing countries, Pediatric outpatient, Childhood morbidity, Public health.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Surayia Kamal
creator: Murtaza Saleem
creator: Dr Saira Jabeen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 25

PREVALENCE AND TYPES OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
type: item
description: Offspring of diabetic mothers have been shown to have a fivefold increased risk of congenital malformations compared to the general population, with congenital heart defects (CHDs) representing a major component. CHDs are among the leading causes of perinatal mortality in this group. To determine the frequency and types of CHDs in infants born to diabetic mothers. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Medicine at DHQ Hospital, Sahiwal, from July 6, 2020, to January 5, 2021. A total of 100 neonates born to diabetic mothers aged 18–45 years were included. Preterm infants (<37 weeks) and those with syndromic or dysmorphic features were excluded. After informed consent, all neonates were evaluated for CHDs and classified accordingly. The mean maternal age was 28.01 ± 4.73 years, with most mothers (69%) aged between 18–30 years. The average gestational age was 38.33 ± 1.28 weeks, and mean neonatal birth weight was 3.22 ± 0.49 kg. Among the neonates, 58% were male and 42% female (M:F ratio 1.5:1). CHDs were detected in 63 out of 100 infants (63.0%).This study demonstrates a high frequency of congenital heart defects among neonates born to diabetic mothers, reinforcing the need for early screening and targeted perinatal care in this high-risk population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: congenital heart defects
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetic mothers
  topic: keywords
subject: atrial septal defect
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Hina Shaheen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 20

PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND OBESITY IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OF SINDH, PAKISTAN: A PREVALENCE STUDY
type: item
description: This study investigates the prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity among school-going children in Sindh, Pakistan, focusing on the role of limited physical education in contributing to these issues. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 400 randomly selected students from grades 7 to 10 in Tando Muhammad Khan and Nawabshah. Data on physical activity, participation in physical education, and BMI were collected to classify students as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Results showed low levels of physical activity across the sample, with 2.5% classified as obese and 10.3% as overweight. Most students reported no regular physical education classes, indicating a strong link between school-based inactivity and rising obesity. The study underscores the urgent need to integrate structured physical education into school curricula to curb childhood obesity and promote healthier habits in the student population
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical inactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: childhood obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: school health
  topic: keywords
subject: physical education
  topic: keywords
subject: Sindh
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Nimarta Fulwani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 14

COMMON INFECTIONS IN RURAL PAKISTAN: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSIGHTS
type: item
description: Infectious diseases pose a significant public health challenge in rural Pakistan due to limited healthcare access and infrastructure. This cross-sectional study analyzed the prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermatological infections among different age and gender groups in a rural population of 50,000 across seven villages. Data collected over 45 days from a basic health unit showed respiratory and dermatological infections peaked in the 15–49 age group, while gastrointestinal infections were most common in children aged 1–4 years. Males had a slightly higher rate of dermatological infections, with minor gender differences in other infection types. These findings reveal distinct epidemiological patterns and emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions, improved healthcare access, and prevention strategies tailored to demographic groups. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to clarify causal links and improve disease control efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Body Image
  topic: keywords
subject: Eating Behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: College Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Differences.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jafar Riaz Kataria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
type: item
description: To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with hypothyroidism.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, from 24 August 2024 to 23 February 2025. A total of 91 patients with a primary diagnosis of hypothyroidism were enrolled. All participants underwent HbA1c testing, and those with HbA1c >6.5% or already receiving anti-diabetic therapy were classified as diabetic.The mean age of participants was 54.7 ± 6.1 years, with an average hypothyroidism duration of 4.5 ± 3.6 years and a mean BMI of 25.3 ± 2.7 kg/m². The study population included 34 males (37.4%) and 57 females (62.6%). Diabetes mellitus was identified in 31 patients (34.0%).Diabetes mellitus frequently coexists with hypothyroidism. Routine screening for DM in patients with thyroid disorders, and vice versa, is essential for early detection, optimal management, and prevention of complications associated with these comorbid conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hypothyroidism
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Mujahid Hussain
creator: Nashitah Awan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 47
ending page: 51

AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES IN COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION (CBME)
type: item
description: The purpose of this study is to review existing literature on the principles of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) and to explore preventive strategies that support its effective integration. Incorporating CBME into the traditional medical curriculum remains a major challenge for educators and institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of practical approaches to implementing CBME successfully within medical education programs. The concept of CBME has gained global attention due to its potential to produce more capable, patient-centered, and adaptable healthcare professionals. It aligns with modern educational philosophies that promote individualized learning, continuous assessment, and accountability for both learners and institutions. However, the transition from traditional curricula to CBME presents significant challenges, including curriculum restructuring, faculty training, resource allocation, and the development of reliable assessment tools. In medical institutions, integrating CBME requires not only a conceptual understanding of its core principles but also a strategic approach to implementation and evaluation. Identifying and addressing barriers such as resistance to change, lack of institutional readiness, and limited faculty expertise are crucial to ensuring successful outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME)
  topic: keywords
subject: Curriculum
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Iqra Shahid
creator: Abiha Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 42
ending page: 46

A STUDY ON STRESS EXPERIENCED BY NURSING STUDENTS DURING TRAINING AT JINNAH COLLEGE OF NURSING
type: item
description: Nursing is both an art and a science — a profession that demands emotional resilience, discipline, and dedication. It is a challenging and emotionally taxing career that requires students to balance the rigorous demands of academic learning with the practical pressures of clinical training. During their training period, nursing students often face significant stressors stemming from both academic and clinical environments. Academic stress arises from heavy coursework and examinations, while clinical stress may result from experiences such as receiving negative feedback from instructors. This study aimed to assess the levels of stress and coping strategies among nursing students at Jinnah College of Nursing. An observational, cross-sectional design was employed, involving 105 randomly selected participants — 36.2% male and 63.8% female — with a mean age of 22 years. The majority of participants were single (92; 87.6%). Findings revealed that 50% of nursing students experienced stress related to clinical practice and academic performance, 34% reported no stress, and 16% remained neutral. The most common stressors identified were insufficient vacations or breaks (56; 53.3%) and lack of guidance from teachers (19; 18.1%). Additionally, 73.3% of students reported using various coping strategies to manage stress. The study concludes that the majority of nursing students experience significant academic and clinical stress. It is recommended that stress management seminars be conducted at the beginning of each semester to help students develop effective coping mechanisms and improve both academic and clinical performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academic stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical stress
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing students
  topic: keywords
subject: Coping strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Hammad Khan
creator: Ahmad Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 41

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
type: item
description: Objective: To determine the frequency of hyperuricemia and its association with blood pressure across different age groups in patients attending outpatient clinics for general health check-ups at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Quasi-experimental (case-control) Place and Duration of Study: Department of Internal Medicine, Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, PAF Faisal Base, Karachi, from November 18, 2024, to February 20, 2025 Methodology: Following ethical approval, 200 participants were recruited, including 100 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (Group A) and 100 age-matched normotensive controls (Group B). Serum uric acid levels were measured, and hyperuricemia was defined based on standard clinical criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of hyperuricemia among hypertensive versus normotensive individuals. Secondary outcomes included assessment of serum uric acid levels across different age groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests and comparison of means, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Hyperuricemia was observed in 64% of hypertensive patients compared to 21% of controls (p < 0.001). Mean serum uric acid levels were 5.58 ± 1.95 mg/dL in adolescents and 8.6 ± 1.76 mg/dL in geriatric patients, with no significant age-related correlation. Conclusion: Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure, independent of age, highlighting its potential role as a modifiable risk factor in hypertension management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adolescent
  topic: keywords
subject: geriatric
  topic: keywords
subject: hypertension
  topic: keywords
subject: old and uric acid
  topic: keywords
subject: blood pressure
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Khalid
creator: Noor-Ul-Eman
creator: Rubab Begum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 17

ACCEPTANCE OF AI-DRIVEN MENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS AMONG PAKISTANI YOUTH: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
type: item
description: This study examines the acceptance of AI-based mental health applications among Pakistani youth, emphasizing factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, privacy concerns, and demographic influences. Utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), findings indicate a generally positive attitude toward AI-driven mental health tools, with participants acknowledging their potential to support mental health management. However, privacy concerns and trust issues emerged as significant barriers, with respondents hesitant to share sensitive personal data with AI systems. Demographic factors, including age and education level, influenced acceptance, with younger and more educated individuals demonstrating higher receptivity. The study provides critical insights into the cultural context of Pakistan, where confidentiality concerns and the perceived importance of human interaction shape attitudes toward AI mental health solutions. Recommendations include enhancing privacy measures, fostering trust, and designing culturally sensitive applications to improve adoption and effectiveness among youth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI-based mental health applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Acceptance Model
  topic: keywords
subject: privacy concerns
  topic: keywords
subject: trust
  topic: keywords
subject: demographic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health care
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural sensitivity
  topic: keywords
subject: adoption of technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamza Abbasi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

ASSESSMENT OF SSI PREVENTION KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: This cross-sectional study, conducted from December 15, 2023, to October 11, 2024, assessed awareness and practices regarding surgical site infection (SSI) prevention among 324 nurses at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan. Participants included nurses working in obstetrics, gynecology, orthopaedic, surgical, and operation theater wards. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 with descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests. Most participants were female, married, aged 26–30, held nursing degrees, and worked in the OT. Overall, 82.41% demonstrated acceptable awareness of SSI prevention, with no major subgroup differences. Significant associations were found between awareness and practice (p = 0.007), and between ward type and practice level (p < 0.0001), with the orthopaedic ward showing the highest rate of inadequate practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Surgical site infection, Public Health Problem, Awareness and Practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabia Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 42

CORRELATION BETWEEN OVARIAN ARTERY DOPPLER INDICES AND ULTRASOUND FINDINGS IN PCOS PATIENTS
type: item
description: This study, conducted at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital from July 15, 2024, to February 21, 2025, assessed the prevalence of abnormal ovarian artery Doppler indices in 210 women aged 20–45 years with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Using ultrasound, Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistive Index (RI) values were measured, with abnormal ranges defined as PI <2.01 or >4.30 and RI <0.80 or >0.95. Abnormal Doppler indices were observed in 73.81% of participants. A significant association was found between BMI and abnormal Doppler findings (p = 0.022), with a higher prevalence in those with BMI <30 kg/m². No significant difference was noted by residence (urban vs. rural; p = 0.30). The findings suggest a high prevalence of disordered ovarian artery Doppler indices in women with PCOS, supporting their potential role in early diagnosis and intervention to reduce long-term complications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Doppler indices
  topic: keywords
subject: Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Ovarian artery
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 30
ending page: 35

LINK BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS IN CHILDREN
type: item
description: This case-control study investigated the association between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and breath-holding spells (BHS) in children aged 6 to 60 months at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, over a six-month period (September 2024 to February 2025). A total of 118 children were enrolled and equally divided into two groups: cases (children with BHS lasting ≤60 seconds) and controls (healthy children with no history of BHS). Data collection included detailed medical histories, physical examinations, anthropometric assessments, complete blood counts (CBC), and serum ferritin measurements. Children with seizures, congenital heart disease, malnutrition, current anticonvulsant use, or mental disabilities were excluded. IDA was identified in 46% of the case group and 27% of the control group, demonstrating a statistically significant association (odds ratio [OR]: 2.268; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.051–4.894; p ≤ 0.05). Mean serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in cases (49.69 ± 22.67 ng/mL) compared to controls (98.47 ± 21.98 ng/mL). The risk of IDA was notably higher among males with BHS (55% vs. 30%; OR: 2.909) and among children from urban areas (OR: 6.125). No significant association was found between parental education and the occurrence of BHS. The study concludes that IDA is significantly associated with BHS, particularly among male and urban children. These findings underscore the importance of early screening and management of IDA to prevent potential neurodevelopmental complications
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Breath-Holding Spells, Association, Children
  topic: keywords
creator: Athwani
creator: Mala Kumari
creator: Rehana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 23
ending page: 29

PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS
type: item
description: Background & Summary: The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis, helping maintain blood glucose levels and energy supply. Hormones such as insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and catecholamines regulate these processes. Due to its central role in glucose homeostasis, liver dysfunction can lead to glucose intolerance and diabetes. A strong association exists between chronic liver disease (CLD) and impaired glucose metabolism, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic liver disease. Methodology: This descriptive study included 89 CLD patients from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Blood samples (5cc) were collected following standard phlebotomy protocols. Samples were analyzed for glucose (in sodium fluoride tubes) and HbA1c (in EDTA tubes). Results: Of the 89 patients, 49 (55.1%) were male and 40 (44.9%) female. Diabetes was present in 61.8% of patients.Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence (61.8%) of diabetes in CLD patients. Early detection through glucose and HbA1c monitoring can aid in timely glycemic control and prevention.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: HCC
  topic: keywords
subject: DM
  topic: keywords
subject: NAFLD
  topic: keywords
subject: NASH
  topic: keywords
creator: Ubaid Ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 22

IMPROVING DENTAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH MULTIMODAL AI AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
type: item
description: Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a multimodal AI system integrating dental X-rays and patient data with uncertainty quantification (UQ) to improve diagnostic reliability in dental clinics. Methods: A total of 400 patient cases from January to December 2024 were analyzed, combining panoramic radiographs with clinical data (age, gender, symptoms). Diagnoses for caries and periapical lesions were generated using a CNN for image analysis and a feed-forward neural network for clinical data. Monte Carlo dropout was used to provide 50 stochastic predictions per case, enabling UQ via entropy measurements. Diagnostic metrics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, AUC) were compared with evaluations by general dentists. Results: AI achieved 85% accuracy (95% CI: 74–93%) for dental caries (sensitivity 91%, specificity 78.3%) and 73.3% for periapical lesions (sensitivity 96%, specificity 65%). AUCs were 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. Dentists showed lower accuracy (78.3% for caries, 60% for lesions). Excluding the 10% most uncertain cases improved AI caries accuracy to 92%, with 89% of errors concentrated in high-uncertainty cases. Conclusion: The AI system improved diagnostic performance and reliability through UQ, offering high sensitivity and helpful alerts for ambiguous cases. While promising for routine screening, further validation on diverse datasets is needed before clinical deployment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: IMPROVING DENTAL DIAGNOSTICS
  topic: keywords
subject: WITH MULTIMODAL AI AND
  topic: keywords
subject: UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Amna Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

ENHANCING BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES IN PRIMIGRAVIDA POST-CESAREAN WOMEN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT
type: item
description: Breastfeeding is vital for maternal and infant health, yet primigravida mothers post-cesarean often face difficulties initiating and maintaining it. This quasi-experimental study assessed the impact of a structured educational intervention on breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among 75 post-cesarean primigravida women at a tertiary hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The intervention included educational sessions, printed materials, and expert-led discussions. Over six months, breastfeeding knowledge increased from 20% to 82.7%, positive attitudes from 13.3% to 80%, and exclusive breastfeeding practices from 33.3% to 80%. These improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that targeted education effectively enhances breastfeeding outcomes in this high-risk group, highlighting the importance of integrating such support into routine postpartum care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitude, Breastfeeding, Cesarean Section, Education, Knowledge, Practice and Primigravida
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadia Khalil
creator: Jerry Zahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 39
ending page: 47

SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence has significantly transformed the field of medicine, especially in drug discovery, by reducing time and costs. This study highlights key software tools that assist beginners in analyzing physicochemical properties, binding sites, protein interactions, and toxicity of potential drug molecules. These tools have simplified complex processes and sparked innovation within the pharmaceutical industry
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: drug discovery, software's, Polypharmacology
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadaf Iftikhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 34
ending page: 38

SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B IN TEHSIL DARAZINDA, D.I. KHAN, KPK
type: item
description: Hepatitis B is a major global public health concern and the most common serious viral liver disease. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBV in the general population of Tehsil Darazinda, D.I. Khan, Pakistan. A total of 519 individuals (260 females, 259 males) showing symptoms of HBV were tested using ICT and confirmed with ELISA. Results showed higher prevalence in males (22.93%) than females (18%), with the most affected age group being 16–45 years. Married individuals showed the highest HBsAg positivity (64.62%), while those with a family history of HBV had the lowest (1.43%). Major associated risk factors included orthodontic treatment (57.8%), tattooing or piercings (56.53%), surgeries (41.84%), blood transfusions (42.92%), barber visits (39.45%), and drug injections (38.12%). The findings highlight a significant HBV burden in the area and underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention, awareness, and policy interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model
  topic: keywords
creator: Najm Ud Din
creator: Syeda Nadra Mukhtiar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 22
ending page: 33

EFFECTS OF BUTTON MUSHROOM POWDER ON LIPID PEROXIDATION MARKERS IN AN ANIMAL MODEL
type: item
description: Hypercholesterolemia is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. Lower plasma cholesterol levels are associated with reduced incidence of coronary heart disease. Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are rich in nutrients, fiber, and phytonutrients, offering therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and gut health-promoting effects. This study investigated the potential of button mushroom powder in managing dyslipidemia using a rat model. After analyzing its nutritional composition, 30 rats were divided into three groups: control (normal diet), experimental group I (hyperlipidemic rats treated with 200 mg/kg mushroom powder), and experimental group II (treated with 400 mg/kg). Nutritional analysis revealed that button mushrooms are a good source of protein, fiber, minerals (including magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium), and have low fat content. Both treatment groups showed a significant reduction in plasma lipid levels and an increase in HDL compared to the control group. These findings suggest that button mushroom powder has a beneficial effect in managing hyperlipidemia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Button mushroom
  topic: keywords
subject: Agaricus bisporus
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic properties
  topic: keywords
subject: management of lipid peroxidation
  topic: keywords
subject: animal model
  topic: keywords
creator: Maha Naseer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 16
ending page: 21

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DERADICALIZATION STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN AND SAUDI ARABIA
type: item
description: Deradicalization plays a vital role in countering violent extremism (CVE) by supporting the rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals influenced by extremist ideologies. Different countries adopt context-specific strategies—Pakistan relies mainly on militarized efforts, while Saudi Arabia implements a structured Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare (PRAC) model. This study compares both approaches, evaluating their effectiveness, strengths, and limitations. It identifies best practices that could inform improvements in Pakistan’s CVE programs, advocating for a more holistic strategy that incorporates psychological, social, and religious dimensions. The findings offer insights for developing sustainable, evidence-based deradicalization policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Counter-violent extremism
  topic: keywords
subject: Deradicalization
  topic: keywords
subject: PRAC Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Reintegration
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy Recommendations
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamran Shahzad
creator: Haleema Saadia khan
creator: Ammara Asghar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 10
ending page: 15