Frontiers in Biosciences (ISSN Online: 3106-5945 | Print: 3106-5937) is an open-access, quarterly, double-blind peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing research in the biological sciences. It publishes high-quality contributions across diverse fields, including molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, environmental sciences, and interdisciplinary life science domains. The journal is published by the International Institute of Modern Research (SMC–Private) Limited, duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0307037. With a strong commitment to academic integrity, rigorous peer review, and global accessibility, Frontiers in Biosciences serves as a valuable platform for researchers and scholars to disseminate scientific knowledge and promote innovation in biosciences.
International Institute of Modern Research [SMC – Private] Limited
PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a common yet often underdiagnosed condition in young adults, with significant hematological and neurological implications. This review examines its prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges in individuals aged 18–35. A systematic review of literature from 2000 to 2023 revealed a prevalence ranging from 5% to 15%, with higher rates in regions with low dietary B12 intake. Common symptoms included fatigue, glossitis, paraesthesia, and macrocytic anemia, while neurological issues such as memory impairment and mood disturbances were also frequently reported. These findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis and intervention to prevent long-term complications. Greater awareness, targeted screening, and further research into dietary and genetic factors are crucial for addressing this widespread health concern
Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model
IMPACT OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON SLEEP APNEA AND RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: A REVIEW
Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are closely linked to both sleep quality and cardiovascular health, particularly blood pressure (BP). This review investigates the relationship between BP levels and the prevalence and severity of these disorders. Findings show a significant positive correlation between elevated BP and increased severity of sleep apnea, with hypertensive patients displaying higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) scores than normotensive individuals (p < 0.05). Similarly, elevated BP was associated with more frequent and severe RLS symptoms. These results suggest that hypertension may contribute to the pathophysiology of both conditions, potentially through vascular and neurological dysregulation. Recognizing this relationship could help clinicians tailor more effective treatment strategies for sleep disorder patients with hypertension. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify causality and guide clinical practice.
Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, therapeutic properties, management of lipid peroxidation, animal model.
MONOCORTICAL VS. BICORTICAL SCREW FIXATION IN SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS FRACTURES WITH BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Mandibular symphysis and parasymphysis fractures, particularly when associated with bilateral condylar fractures, present a surgical challenge due to the need to restore occlusion, maintain mandibular continuity, and prevent complications like lingual splaying. While monocortical screw fixation is commonly used for its ease and safety, bicortical screws may offer greater stability by engaging both buccal and lingual cortices. This prospective, single-blind randomized clinical trial compared monocortical and bicortical screw fixation in 60 patients with symphysis/parasymphysis fractures and conservatively managed bilateral condylar fractures. Postoperative CBCT measurements showed significantly smaller lingual gaps in the bicortical group (p < 0.05), with no hardware failures or complications reported. The results suggest that bicortical fixation provides superior stability and may promote better functional outcomes, highlighting the need for larger multicenter studies to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
BILATERAL CONDYLAR FRACTURES: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL
CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS IN COVID-19: A REVIEW
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has infected over 670 million people globally and caused approximately 7 million deaths. Emerging research highlights a significant link between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conditions like diabetes mellitus and hypertension—already known CVD risk factors—appear to be further exacerbated by COVID-19, which may act as an independent risk modifier. Studies suggest that previous COVID-19 infection increases the risk of developing various CVDs to a degree comparable with traditional risk factors. Complications such as myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias have been observed, especially in individuals with preexisting heart conditions. COVID-19 may influence cardiovascular health both directly—through viral invasion of heart tissues—and indirectly—via systemic inflammation. This review summarizes current findings on the interplay between COVID-19 and CVD, explores underlying mechanisms, and discusses evolving treatment and prevention strategies in the context of the pandemic
COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Cardiovascular disease, Muscle inflammation, Heart injury, Heart failure
RIVER RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ORIENTAL MAHSEER IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is an emerging global threat affecting all forms of life. In recent years, rapid and drastic climate shifts have severely impacted ecosystems and species, including the Mahseer — an important endemic fish species in India. Valued for its size, taste, and economic potential, the Mahseer is facing serious challenges such as habitat degradation, reduced growth, disrupted breeding patterns, altered migration routes, and declining population. These effects are pushing the species toward critical endangerment. To prevent further loss of biodiversity, effective and sustainable conservation strategies are essential. Protecting the Mahseer not only preserves ecological balance but also offers economic benefits to the regions where it naturally occurs.
Climate change, Mahseer, Endemic specie, Habitat destruction, Breeding, Survival, Conservation strategies
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LABEO ROHITA TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INSIGHTS FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ALTERATIONS
Labeo rohita (rohu), a vital freshwater fish in South Asia, faces significant physiological stress from climate change, affecting regional nutrition and economies. Optimal survival occurs at 25–32°C, but rising temperatures and erratic precipitation reduce growth, protein efficiency, and survival. Temperatures of 34–36°C damage yolk and embryos, slowing hatching or causing total mortality. Salinity increases from seawater intrusion further impair survival, gill function, osmoregulation, and erythrocyte physiology. Thermal stress also suppresses growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor expression, compromising growth and immunity. Given rohu’s economic and nutritional importance, adaptive strategies and improved management practices are critical to mitigate climate-induced impacts and sustain population health.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED 1–5 YEARS: INSIGHTS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN
Anemia remains a significant pediatric health concern, particularly in developing countries, where nutritional deficiencies and limited healthcare access contribute substantially. In early childhood, anemia adversely impacts growth, immunity, and neurodevelopment.To assess the prevalence and severity of anemia among children aged 1–5 years attending the pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2024 at Punjab Rangers Hospital, Lahore. A total of 375 children aged 1–5 years were enrolled using consecutive non-probability sampling. Children with chronic illnesses, hematological disorders, or recent cytotoxic treatment were excluded. Hemoglobin levels were measured and classified according to WHO criteria as mild (10–11 g/dL), moderate (8–10 g/dL), or severe (<8 g/dL). Data were analyzed using SPSS v20, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.The mean age of participants was 3.06 ± 1.45 years, with an overall mean hemoglobin of 10.89 ± 1.97 g/dL. Anemia was identified in 208 children (55.5%). Among anemic cases, 71 (34.1%) had mild anemia, 106 (51.0%) moderate anemia, and 31 (14.9%) severe anemia. Females accounted for 56.3% of anemic children, but no significant differences were observed in anemia prevalence or severity by gender (p = 0.840) or age group (p = 0.649).Anemia affects over half of children aged 1–5 years in this cohort, with moderate anemia being the most common. These findings emphasize the substantial burden of pediatric anemia and underscore the need for routine screening, nutritional education, and targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on child health.
Anemia, Pediatric health, Early childhood, Hemoglobin, Prevalence, Nutritional deficiency, Developing countries, Pediatric outpatient, Childhood morbidity, Public health.
PREVALENCE AND TYPES OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Offspring of diabetic mothers have been shown to have a fivefold increased risk of congenital malformations compared to the general population, with congenital heart defects (CHDs) representing a major component. CHDs are among the leading causes of perinatal mortality in this group. To determine the frequency and types of CHDs in infants born to diabetic mothers. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Medicine at DHQ Hospital, Sahiwal, from July 6, 2020, to January 5, 2021. A total of 100 neonates born to diabetic mothers aged 18–45 years were included. Preterm infants (<37 weeks) and those with syndromic or dysmorphic features were excluded. After informed consent, all neonates were evaluated for CHDs and classified accordingly. The mean maternal age was 28.01 ± 4.73 years, with most mothers (69%) aged between 18–30 years. The average gestational age was 38.33 ± 1.28 weeks, and mean neonatal birth weight was 3.22 ± 0.49 kg. Among the neonates, 58% were male and 42% female (M:F ratio 1.5:1). CHDs were detected in 63 out of 100 infants (63.0%).This study demonstrates a high frequency of congenital heart defects among neonates born to diabetic mothers, reinforcing the need for early screening and targeted perinatal care in this high-risk population.
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND OBESITY IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OF SINDH, PAKISTAN: A PREVALENCE STUDY
This study investigates the prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity among school-going children in Sindh, Pakistan, focusing on the role of limited physical education in contributing to these issues. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 400 randomly selected students from grades 7 to 10 in Tando Muhammad Khan and Nawabshah. Data on physical activity, participation in physical education, and BMI were collected to classify students as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Results showed low levels of physical activity across the sample, with 2.5% classified as obese and 10.3% as overweight. Most students reported no regular physical education classes, indicating a strong link between school-based inactivity and rising obesity. The study underscores the urgent need to integrate structured physical education into school curricula to curb childhood obesity and promote healthier habits in the student population
COMMON INFECTIONS IN RURAL PAKISTAN: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSIGHTS
Infectious diseases pose a significant public health challenge in rural Pakistan due to limited healthcare access and infrastructure. This cross-sectional study analyzed the prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermatological infections among different age and gender groups in a rural population of 50,000 across seven villages. Data collected over 45 days from a basic health unit showed respiratory and dermatological infections peaked in the 15–49 age group, while gastrointestinal infections were most common in children aged 1–4 years. Males had a slightly higher rate of dermatological infections, with minor gender differences in other infection types. These findings reveal distinct epidemiological patterns and emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions, improved healthcare access, and prevention strategies tailored to demographic groups. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to clarify causal links and improve disease control efforts.
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with hypothyroidism.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, from 24 August 2024 to 23 February 2025. A total of 91 patients with a primary diagnosis of hypothyroidism were enrolled. All participants underwent HbA1c testing, and those with HbA1c >6.5% or already receiving anti-diabetic therapy were classified as diabetic.The mean age of participants was 54.7 ± 6.1 years, with an average hypothyroidism duration of 4.5 ± 3.6 years and a mean BMI of 25.3 ± 2.7 kg/m². The study population included 34 males (37.4%) and 57 females (62.6%). Diabetes mellitus was identified in 31 patients (34.0%).Diabetes mellitus frequently coexists with hypothyroidism. Routine screening for DM in patients with thyroid disorders, and vice versa, is essential for early detection, optimal management, and prevention of complications associated with these comorbid conditions.
AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES IN COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION (CBME)
The purpose of this study is to review existing literature on the principles of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) and to explore preventive strategies that support its effective integration. Incorporating CBME into the traditional medical curriculum remains a major challenge for educators and institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of practical approaches to implementing CBME successfully within medical education programs. The concept of CBME has gained global attention due to its potential to produce more capable, patient-centered, and adaptable healthcare professionals. It aligns with modern educational philosophies that promote individualized learning, continuous assessment, and accountability for both learners and institutions. However, the transition from traditional curricula to CBME presents significant challenges, including curriculum restructuring, faculty training, resource allocation, and the development of reliable assessment tools. In medical institutions, integrating CBME requires not only a conceptual understanding of its core principles but also a strategic approach to implementation and evaluation. Identifying and addressing barriers such as resistance to change, lack of institutional readiness, and limited faculty expertise are crucial to ensuring successful outcomes.
Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME)
A STUDY ON STRESS EXPERIENCED BY NURSING STUDENTS DURING TRAINING AT JINNAH COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nursing is both an art and a science — a profession that demands emotional resilience, discipline, and dedication. It is a challenging and emotionally taxing career that requires students to balance the rigorous demands of academic learning with the practical pressures of clinical training. During their training period, nursing students often face significant stressors stemming from both academic and clinical environments. Academic stress arises from heavy coursework and examinations, while clinical stress may result from experiences such as receiving negative feedback from instructors. This study aimed to assess the levels of stress and coping strategies among nursing students at Jinnah College of Nursing. An observational, cross-sectional design was employed, involving 105 randomly selected participants — 36.2% male and 63.8% female — with a mean age of 22 years. The majority of participants were single (92; 87.6%). Findings revealed that 50% of nursing students experienced stress related to clinical practice and academic performance, 34% reported no stress, and 16% remained neutral. The most common stressors identified were insufficient vacations or breaks (56; 53.3%) and lack of guidance from teachers (19; 18.1%). Additionally, 73.3% of students reported using various coping strategies to manage stress. The study concludes that the majority of nursing students experience significant academic and clinical stress. It is recommended that stress management seminars be conducted at the beginning of each semester to help students develop effective coping mechanisms and improve both academic and clinical performance.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS AND BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
Objective: To determine the frequency of hyperuricemia and its association with blood pressure across different age groups in patients attending outpatient clinics for general health check-ups at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Quasi-experimental (case-control) Place and Duration of Study: Department of Internal Medicine, Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College, PAF Faisal Base, Karachi, from November 18, 2024, to February 20, 2025 Methodology: Following ethical approval, 200 participants were recruited, including 100 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (Group A) and 100 age-matched normotensive controls (Group B). Serum uric acid levels were measured, and hyperuricemia was defined based on standard clinical criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of hyperuricemia among hypertensive versus normotensive individuals. Secondary outcomes included assessment of serum uric acid levels across different age groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests and comparison of means, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Hyperuricemia was observed in 64% of hypertensive patients compared to 21% of controls (p < 0.001). Mean serum uric acid levels were 5.58 ± 1.95 mg/dL in adolescents and 8.6 ± 1.76 mg/dL in geriatric patients, with no significant age-related correlation. Conclusion: Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure, independent of age, highlighting its potential role as a modifiable risk factor in hypertension management.
ACCEPTANCE OF AI-DRIVEN MENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS AMONG PAKISTANI YOUTH: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
This study examines the acceptance of AI-based mental health applications among Pakistani youth, emphasizing factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, privacy concerns, and demographic influences. Utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), findings indicate a generally positive attitude toward AI-driven mental health tools, with participants acknowledging their potential to support mental health management. However, privacy concerns and trust issues emerged as significant barriers, with respondents hesitant to share sensitive personal data with AI systems. Demographic factors, including age and education level, influenced acceptance, with younger and more educated individuals demonstrating higher receptivity. The study provides critical insights into the cultural context of Pakistan, where confidentiality concerns and the perceived importance of human interaction shape attitudes toward AI mental health solutions. Recommendations include enhancing privacy measures, fostering trust, and designing culturally sensitive applications to improve adoption and effectiveness among youth.
ASSESSMENT OF SSI PREVENTION KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN PAKISTAN
This cross-sectional study, conducted from December 15, 2023, to October 11, 2024, assessed awareness and practices regarding surgical site infection (SSI) prevention among 324 nurses at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan. Participants included nurses working in obstetrics, gynecology, orthopaedic, surgical, and operation theater wards. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 with descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests. Most participants were female, married, aged 26–30, held nursing degrees, and worked in the OT. Overall, 82.41% demonstrated acceptable awareness of SSI prevention, with no major subgroup differences. Significant associations were found between awareness and practice (p = 0.007), and between ward type and practice level (p < 0.0001), with the orthopaedic ward showing the highest rate of inadequate practices.
Surgical site infection, Public Health Problem, Awareness and Practice
CORRELATION BETWEEN OVARIAN ARTERY DOPPLER INDICES AND ULTRASOUND FINDINGS IN PCOS PATIENTS
This study, conducted at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital from July 15, 2024, to February 21, 2025, assessed the prevalence of abnormal ovarian artery Doppler indices in 210 women aged 20–45 years with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Using ultrasound, Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistive Index (RI) values were measured, with abnormal ranges defined as PI <2.01 or >4.30 and RI <0.80 or >0.95. Abnormal Doppler indices were observed in 73.81% of participants. A significant association was found between BMI and abnormal Doppler findings (p = 0.022), with a higher prevalence in those with BMI <30 kg/m². No significant difference was noted by residence (urban vs. rural; p = 0.30). The findings suggest a high prevalence of disordered ovarian artery Doppler indices in women with PCOS, supporting their potential role in early diagnosis and intervention to reduce long-term complications.
LINK BETWEEN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS IN CHILDREN
This case-control study investigated the association between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and breath-holding spells (BHS) in children aged 6 to 60 months at Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, over a six-month period (September 2024 to February 2025). A total of 118 children were enrolled and equally divided into two groups: cases (children with BHS lasting ≤60 seconds) and controls (healthy children with no history of BHS). Data collection included detailed medical histories, physical examinations, anthropometric assessments, complete blood counts (CBC), and serum ferritin measurements. Children with seizures, congenital heart disease, malnutrition, current anticonvulsant use, or mental disabilities were excluded. IDA was identified in 46% of the case group and 27% of the control group, demonstrating a statistically significant association (odds ratio [OR]: 2.268; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.051–4.894; p ≤ 0.05). Mean serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in cases (49.69 ± 22.67 ng/mL) compared to controls (98.47 ± 21.98 ng/mL). The risk of IDA was notably higher among males with BHS (55% vs. 30%; OR: 2.909) and among children from urban areas (OR: 6.125). No significant association was found between parental education and the occurrence of BHS. The study concludes that IDA is significantly associated with BHS, particularly among male and urban children. These findings underscore the importance of early screening and management of IDA to prevent potential neurodevelopmental complications
Iron Deficiency Anemia, Breath-Holding Spells, Association, Children
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS
Background & Summary: The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis, helping maintain blood glucose levels and energy supply. Hormones such as insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and catecholamines regulate these processes. Due to its central role in glucose homeostasis, liver dysfunction can lead to glucose intolerance and diabetes. A strong association exists between chronic liver disease (CLD) and impaired glucose metabolism, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic liver disease. Methodology: This descriptive study included 89 CLD patients from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Blood samples (5cc) were collected following standard phlebotomy protocols. Samples were analyzed for glucose (in sodium fluoride tubes) and HbA1c (in EDTA tubes). Results: Of the 89 patients, 49 (55.1%) were male and 40 (44.9%) female. Diabetes was present in 61.8% of patients.Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence (61.8%) of diabetes in CLD patients. Early detection through glucose and HbA1c monitoring can aid in timely glycemic control and prevention.
IMPROVING DENTAL DIAGNOSTICS WITH MULTIMODAL AI AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a multimodal AI system integrating dental X-rays and patient data with uncertainty quantification (UQ) to improve diagnostic reliability in dental clinics. Methods: A total of 400 patient cases from January to December 2024 were analyzed, combining panoramic radiographs with clinical data (age, gender, symptoms). Diagnoses for caries and periapical lesions were generated using a CNN for image analysis and a feed-forward neural network for clinical data. Monte Carlo dropout was used to provide 50 stochastic predictions per case, enabling UQ via entropy measurements. Diagnostic metrics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, AUC) were compared with evaluations by general dentists. Results: AI achieved 85% accuracy (95% CI: 74–93%) for dental caries (sensitivity 91%, specificity 78.3%) and 73.3% for periapical lesions (sensitivity 96%, specificity 65%). AUCs were 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. Dentists showed lower accuracy (78.3% for caries, 60% for lesions). Excluding the 10% most uncertain cases improved AI caries accuracy to 92%, with 89% of errors concentrated in high-uncertainty cases. Conclusion: The AI system improved diagnostic performance and reliability through UQ, offering high sensitivity and helpful alerts for ambiguous cases. While promising for routine screening, further validation on diverse datasets is needed before clinical deployment.
ENHANCING BREASTFEEDING OUTCOMES IN PRIMIGRAVIDA POST-CESAREAN WOMEN THROUGH EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT
Breastfeeding is vital for maternal and infant health, yet primigravida mothers post-cesarean often face difficulties initiating and maintaining it. This quasi-experimental study assessed the impact of a structured educational intervention on breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among 75 post-cesarean primigravida women at a tertiary hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The intervention included educational sessions, printed materials, and expert-led discussions. Over six months, breastfeeding knowledge increased from 20% to 82.7%, positive attitudes from 13.3% to 80%, and exclusive breastfeeding practices from 33.3% to 80%. These improvements were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that targeted education effectively enhances breastfeeding outcomes in this high-risk group, highlighting the importance of integrating such support into routine postpartum care.
Attitude, Breastfeeding, Cesarean Section, Education, Knowledge, Practice and Primigravida
Artificial intelligence has significantly transformed the field of medicine, especially in drug discovery, by reducing time and costs. This study highlights key software tools that assist beginners in analyzing physicochemical properties, binding sites, protein interactions, and toxicity of potential drug molecules. These tools have simplified complex processes and sparked innovation within the pharmaceutical industry
drug discovery, software's, Polypharmacology
SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B IN TEHSIL DARAZINDA, D.I. KHAN, KPK
Hepatitis B is a major global public health concern and the most common serious viral liver disease. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBV in the general population of Tehsil Darazinda, D.I. Khan, Pakistan. A total of 519 individuals (260 females, 259 males) showing symptoms of HBV were tested using ICT and confirmed with ELISA. Results showed higher prevalence in males (22.93%) than females (18%), with the most affected age group being 16–45 years. Married individuals showed the highest HBsAg positivity (64.62%), while those with a family history of HBV had the lowest (1.43%). Major associated risk factors included orthodontic treatment (57.8%), tattooing or piercings (56.53%), surgeries (41.84%), blood transfusions (42.92%), barber visits (39.45%), and drug injections (38.12%). The findings highlight a significant HBV burden in the area and underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention, awareness, and policy interventions.
EFFECTS OF BUTTON MUSHROOM POWDER ON LIPID PEROXIDATION MARKERS IN AN ANIMAL MODEL
Hypercholesterolemia is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. Lower plasma cholesterol levels are associated with reduced incidence of coronary heart disease. Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are rich in nutrients, fiber, and phytonutrients, offering therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and gut health-promoting effects. This study investigated the potential of button mushroom powder in managing dyslipidemia using a rat model. After analyzing its nutritional composition, 30 rats were divided into three groups: control (normal diet), experimental group I (hyperlipidemic rats treated with 200 mg/kg mushroom powder), and experimental group II (treated with 400 mg/kg). Nutritional analysis revealed that button mushrooms are a good source of protein, fiber, minerals (including magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium), and have low fat content. Both treatment groups showed a significant reduction in plasma lipid levels and an increase in HDL compared to the control group. These findings suggest that button mushroom powder has a beneficial effect in managing hyperlipidemia.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DERADICALIZATION STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN AND SAUDI ARABIA
Deradicalization plays a vital role in countering violent extremism (CVE) by supporting the rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals influenced by extremist ideologies. Different countries adopt context-specific strategies—Pakistan relies mainly on militarized efforts, while Saudi Arabia implements a structured Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare (PRAC) model. This study compares both approaches, evaluating their effectiveness, strengths, and limitations. It identifies best practices that could inform improvements in Pakistan’s CVE programs, advocating for a more holistic strategy that incorporates psychological, social, and religious dimensions. The findings offer insights for developing sustainable, evidence-based deradicalization policies.
IMPACT OF SMOKING ON COVID-19 PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, with smokers showing varied behavioral responses during the pandemic. Some increased their smoking, while others reduced it. This study explores the underlying reasons behind these differing smoking habits during the COVID-19 crisis. Methodology: An online survey was conducted among 86 Pakistani university students (aged 18+), between March and May 2021, using Google Forms distributed via email and social media. Results: Among respondents, 98% were male, 65% held a bachelor's degree, and 55% were regular smokers. Of the participants, 53% had contracted COVID-19. Post-pandemic, 46% reported being non-smokers, 29% reduced smoking, 16% increased it, and 9% reported no change. Conclusion: Smoking may worsen COVID-19 outcomes by increasing respiratory vulnerability. The lung damage caused by smoking could heighten the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emphasizing the need for targeted smoking cessation efforts during respiratory pandemics
PREVALENCE OF SHOULDER PAIN, DISABILITY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH NECK DISABILITY IN TENNIS PLAYERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Shoulder pain in a tennis player the joints and soft tissues surrounding the shoulder are the source of shoulder pain. The acromioclavicular, Sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints are examples of joints. Neck disability in a tennis player shows to any impairment or limitation in the functioning of the neck that affects their ability to play tennis or perform daily activities. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study to explore association between shoulder pain, disability and neck disability in tennis players. 80 tennis players were examined for shoulder pain and disability by Shoulder pain and disability index questionnaire and neck disability index questionnaire was filled by tennis players for checking neck disability. Results: Most of the players 50.1% had mild impact of shoulder pain and disability and 41.25% had no impact of shoulder pain. Players were from age 18-30 years having mean age 23.71±3.119, the mean score of shoulder pain and disability was 1.67±0.635 and the mean score of neck disability index was 2.33±0.823, the chi square test showed no association for shoulder pain, disability and age with neck disability as their P-values were 0.294>0.05, 0.493>0.05, There was no association of shoulder pain and disability with neck disability. Conclusion: Shoulder pain in a tennis player the joints and soft tissues surrounding the shoulder are the source of shoulder pain. Neck disability in a tennis player shows to any impairment or limitation in the functioning of the neck that affects their ability to play tennis or perform daily activities. In this research study, we associated the age, gender, shoulder pain and disability with neck disability but there was no significant association among these variables. Despite it, there was a significant association among training hours and neck disability.
PRE-INCISION VERSUS LAPAROSCOPIC-ASSISTED TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS PLANE (TAP) AND RECTUS SHEATH BLOCK FOR POST-CHOLECYSTECTOMY PAIN MANAGEMENT: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for the management of cholelithiasis. The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block with rectus sheath block is a loco-regional anesthesia technique reducing the need of parenteral analgesics and yields quick recovery after Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Objective: To compare the mean post-operative pain score at (3, 6, 12 and 24 hours) after Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and Rectus sheath block given pre-incision versus laparoscopic-assisted in patients undergoing elective Laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This is a single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial conducted in the General Surgery Department at a tertiary care institute from January 2022 to December 2023. The intervention group received laparoscopic-assisted blocks (TAP and rectus sheath blocks) (LATAP) administered by the surgical team, and the control group received pre-incision blocks (TAP and rectus sheath blocks) (PITAP) administered by an anesthesiologist. The primary outcome was postoperative pain, measured using the visual analog scale at 3, 6, 12, and 24th hours at rest. Secondary outcomes included rescue analgesia, visceral injury, peritoneal entry, and blocks timing. Results: A total of 224 were included in the study, 112 patients were randomized to each group. Demographics of the patients (i.e. Age, gender, American society of anesthesiologists score, functional class, co-morbidities and BMI) were comparable between the groups. Pain score at third hour post operatively in LATAP and PITAP was 3.38 ± 1.56 vs 3.8 ± 1.7 respectively (P-value= 0.053). Difference in post-operative pain score at 6, 12 and 24 hours was also statistically insignificant. Total rescue analgesia and peritoneal entry between both groups were also statistically insignificant as well. No visceral injury was recorded or observed in both groups. However, mean duration of block between two groups was statistically significant (P-value <0.001) with higher block timings in PITAP group (400.65 ± 108.517 seconds) as compared to LATAP group (142.58 ± 43.464 seconds). Conclusion: Laparoscopic-assisted TAP block is not inferior to pre-incision TAP block in managing post-operative pain for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, however, the procedure time in LATAP group was shorter than PITAP group. Therefore, we recommend Laparoscopic assisted block to save overall anesthesia and operating room time
ESTIMATION OF TIME SINCE INJURY IN MECHANICAL TRAUMA: FORENSIC CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES FROM A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AT LIAQUAT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, HYDERABAD
Objective The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain among clinical Physical therapists, considering the physically demanding nature of their profession. Methodology A cross-sectional study design was employed, with participants selected through a non-probability convenient sampling technique. A total of 125 clinical physiotherapists, aged between 25 and 40 years, were recruited from government hospitals in Lahore. Physiotherapists with a surgical history involving the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, or wrist were excluded. Data were collected using the Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, while continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results The results obtained from the NMQ demonstrated a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among clinical physiotherapists. The distribution of MSK disorders was as follows: Neck pain: 28.80%, Shoulder pain: 20.00%, Elbow pain: 1.60%, Wrist pain: 0.60%, Upper back pain: 2.40%, Lower back pain: 32.00%, Thigh pain: 0.80%, Knee pain:11.20%, Foot pain: 2.40%. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among clinical physiotherapists in Lahore, with the most commonly affected regions being the neck, shoulders, and lower back. The results highlight the need for preventive measures and ergonomic interventions to minimize work-related musculoskeletal disorders among physiotherapists.
PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN DUE TO WORK AMONG CLINICAL PHYSICAL THERAPISTS